What is Acetone

Acetone is a colorless and highly flammable manufactured liquid. It has a distinctive fruity or mint-like odor and a pungent taste. It is also found naturally in plants, trees, volcanic gases, and forest fires, and as a by-product of the breakdown of body fat. It is found in vehicle exhaust, tobacco smoke, and landfillsites.
Acetone is used as a solvent to dissolve other substances, such as paints, varnishes, lacquers, fats, oils, waxes, resins, printing inks, plastics, and glues. It is used to make plastics, fibers, drugs, rayon, photographic film, smokeless powder, and other chemicals. It is also used for cleaning and drying precision parts.

Household and consumer products that contain acetone include fingernail polish remover, particle board, paint remover, liquid or paste waxes and polishes, detergent, cleaning products, and rubber cement.

How might one be exposed to acetone?

You can be exposed to acetone by breathing it, ingesting it, or absorbing it through your skin. Exposure can occur if you smoke cigarettes, or breathe second-hand cigarette smoke. You can also be exposed if you are exposed to isopropyl alcohol, which has medical and solvent uses, because isopropyl alcohol changes to acetone in the body.

At home, you can be exposed to acetone by using nail polish remover, household cleaners, paints, adhesives, rubber cement, particle board, or other products that contain acetone. You can be exposed by drinking water or eating food containing acetone. Exposure can occur if you live near a landfill site that contains acetone, near busy roads, or near other facilities such as incinerators that release acetone emissions.

At work, you can be exposed to acetone if you work at a facility that manufactures paints, plastics, chemicals, artificial fibers, and shoes. You can also be exposed if you work with paints, solvents, glues, and commercial cleaning products.

How can acetone affect health?

Exposure to high levels of acetone can cause death, coma, unconsciousness, seizures, and respiratory distress. It can damage your kidneys and the skin in your mouth.

Breathing moderate-to-high levels of acetone for short periods of time can cause nose, throat, lung, and eye irritation. It can also cause intoxication, headaches, fatigue, stupor, light-headedness, dizziness, confusion, increased pulse rate, nausea, vomiting, and shortening of the menstrual cycle in women.

Breathing highly concentrated acetone vapors can irritate the respiratory tract, and burn your eyes. Skin contact with acetone can irritate or damage your skin.

Exposure to acetone can also cause low blood pressure, bronchial irritation, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, and an increased need to urinate.

What should I do if one is exposed to acetone?

If you breathe acetone, move to a place with fresh air. If the person exposed has trouble breathing, get medical help immediately.
If acetone is on your skin, wash with soap and water for at least 15 minutes. Take off any clothes or shoes with acetone on them. If your symptoms are very bad, get medical help.
If you get acetone in your eyes, flush your eyes with water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention promptly.
If you drink acetone, get medical attention immediately.

What factors limit use or exposure to acetone?

At work, it is best to have good ventilation. A mask can be worn for protection. Your manager or safety person can suggest the best protective masks to wear. Wear boots, gloves, a lab coat, apron or coveralls to prevent skin contact. Goggles or a face shield can protect you from accidental acetone splashes. Workplaces where acetone can be a problem should have an eye wash fountain or quick-drench system.
At home, limit exposure by staying away from cigarette smoke. Avoid solvents such as nail polish remover, paints and cleaning products containing acetone.

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What is Acetone

Acetone is a clear, colorless, low-boiling, flammable and volatile liquid characterized by rapid evaporation and a faintly aromatic, sweetish odor. It readily mixes with most organic solvents and mixes completely with water.

Common uses for Acetone:

• Nail varnish remover
• Nail extension remover
• cosmetic products
• Pharmaceutical applications
• Laboratory reagent
• Paint remover formulations
• Solvent
• Cleaner & Degreaser

How to use Acetone safely

Acetone, also called dimethyl ketone, is one of the ketone group of solvents that also includes methyl ethyl ketone. Mechanics, painters, and fiberglass workers are frequent users of acetone for various purposes in the shop, and many people are familiar with its pleasant sweet-smelling odor. Acetone is an excellent solvent for oils and greases. It is often used in the electronics industry for degreasing and cleaning of precision electronic parts. It is also used in the formulation of lacquers, rubber cements, cleaning fluids, and paint removers, as well as the manufacture of methacrylic and epoxy resins. Acetone can also absorb 22 times its volume of acetylene gas, which permits safe and economical shipment of acetylene in cylinders.

Acetone is one of the least toxic of the many organic solvents used in the work place. Its toxicity is low for both acute and chronic exposures. However, prolonged inhalation of high concentrations of acetone vapor causes irritation of the respiratory tract, headache, loss of memory, and in extreme cases, unconsciousness. Other symptoms of acetone intoxication include dizziness, nausea, or drowsiness. Continued skin contact may produce a mild form of dermatitis.

Control Vapor Concentrations: Acetone vapor in work areas should be maintained at or below the Threshold Limit Value of 750 PPM (averaged during an 8-hour workday), with a maximum Short Term Exposure Limit (defined as 15 minutes) no higher than 1000 PPM. For most operations, vapor can be kept at safe levels by enclosing the operation, by ventilating, or both. Opening windows or doors is often adequate for most small uses. Local exhaust may be needed with larger operations in order to capture the vapors at the source and keep them out of the breathing zone.

Wear PPE: Employees engaged in routine handling of acetone should wear milled butyl rubber gloves and rubber aprons for protection against skin contact. Chemical goggles should be worn where necessary. When complete face protection is necessary, a face shield should be worn.

Fire Prevention: Acetone is a serious fire hazard and can ignite with only a 2.6% concentration in the air. Water solutions of acetone are also highly flammable; a solution of 10 percent acetone in water has a flash point of about 80 F (27C). All sources of ignition, including spark-producing mechanisms or operations should be eliminated in areas where acetone is stored, handled, or used. Vapor proof electrical systems should also be installed (Class 1 – Division 1). Fire extinguishers for acetone fires include foam, carbon dioxide, and dry chemical. Water used on an acetone fire should be in the form of a spray or fog in order to prevent spreading the fire.

First Aid: If a person has inhaled small amounts of acetone vapor and exhibits any of the symptoms of acetone intoxication, they should be moved to fresh air and the effects will often disappear in a few hours. If large amounts have been inhaled, the person should be moved to fresh air and medical assistance immediately summoned. If breathing has stopped or respiration is weak; artificial respiration should be given. If splashed in the eyes, the eyes should be irrigated immediately with large quantities of running water for at least 15 minutes. An evaluation by a physician as soon as possible is recommended. Skin contaminated with acetone should be washed with soap and water, and any contaminated clothing removed.

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cyclopentanone

What is Cyclopentanone

Cyclopentanone is a clear colourless liquid organic compound with a peppermint-like odour and is a cyclic ketone. It is a flammable compound with vapour heavier than air. It is produced from adipic acid by heating to 285–295C in the presence of barium hydroxide.
Cyclopentanone is an intermediate used in the production of rubber chemicals, insecticides, biologicals and pharmaceuticals.

Properties of cyclopentanone

• Synonyms: Cyclopentanone; ketocyclopentane; adipic ketone; Cyclopentan-1-one; Dumasin; Ketopentamethylene; oxocyclopentane;
• Formula: C5H8O
• CAS No: 120–92–3
• EINECS No: 204–435–9
• Purity: >99%
• Appearance: Clear colourless liquid
• Molar mass: 84.12 g/mol
• Density: 0.95 g/cm₃
• Solubility:almost insoluble in water (9g/L)
  

  cyclopentanone structure

• Melting point: –58.2 C
• Boiling point: 130.6 ^oC
• Flash point: 26 C
• Autoignition temperature: 445 C
• Refractive index: 1.432–1.438
• Relative vapour density (air=1): 2.3
• Vapour pressure: 14 mm Hg @25C
• Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: log Kow= 0.24 (est)

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The composition of cyclopentanone consists of C 71.39%, H 9.59% and O 19.02%. Cyclopentanone has a vapour which is heavier than air making it a dangerous environment to work in. The substance easily polymerizes under the influence of acids. It is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohols, acetone, ether and most organic solvents. It reacts with oxidising agents like hydrogen peroxide.

Uses for Cyclopentanone:

• Used in production of cylopentanone derivatives for use in the perfume industry eg Cyclopentylamine, Cyclopentanol and jasmine-fragrant material.
• Manufacture of insecticides and pesticides.
• Used in the production of synthetic resins and rubber adhesives.
• Intermediate in the pharmaceutical industry.
• Laboratory reagent.
• Used as a thinner for epoxies.
• As a solvent it is used in paint and varnish removers, as dry cleaning agent and for oil extraction.

Health & Safety:

Symbol – Xi
Risk phrases: R10 Flammable. R36/38 Irritating to eyes and skin.
Safety phrases: S23 Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapou­r/spray.
UN Hazard Class: 3
UN Packing Group: III

For full details see MSDS for cylopentanone

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lead tetroxide

WHAT IS LEAD TETROXIDE

Lead tetroxide commonly called Red Lead Oxide is an orange or red coloured powder. It is a water-insoluble compound that is prepared by the oxidation of metallic Lead or of litharge (Lead monoxide). It is a useful ingredient for the battery, glass & ceramic industry and it occupies an important place in the paint industry for its rust inhibiting character. Paint made with Red Lead is commonly used to protect iron and steel from rusting. Red Leads are utilised in a wide range of applications, such as battery manufacture, ceramics, anti-corrosive coatings, crystal glass and mining.

Properties of Lead Tetroxide

• Other names: Lead Tetroxide; Lead(II,IV) oxide; Red Lead oxide; minium; triplumbic tetroxide; Orange lead; Paris lead; Pigment red 105; Plumboplumbic oxide; Lead tetraoxide;
• Formula: Pb3O4 / 2PbO.PbO2
• CAS No: 1314–41–6
• EC number: 215–235–6
• UN No: 1479
• Purity: 97% minimum
• Appearance: orange crystalline solid
• Molar Mass: 685.6 g/mol
• Density: 8.3 g/cm³
• Melting Point: 500^oC
• Vapour pressure: 1.3 kPa (at 0C)
• Solubility: Insoluble in water 67.3mg/L

Red Lead is virtually insoluble in water and alcohol. However, it is soluble in hydrochloric acid present in stomach, therefore it is toxic when ingested. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid, glacial acetic acid, diluted mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and hot alkaline solutions. It changes into black Lead sulphide while meeting hydrogen sulphide, while put outdoor in the open air it changes into while Lead sulphate

Uses of Lead Tetroxide

Lead tetroxide is most often used as a pigment for primer paints for iron objects. Due to its toxicity, its use is being limited. In the past, it was used in combination with linseed oil as a thick, long-lasting anti-corrosive paint. The combination of minium and linen fibres was also used for plumbing, now replaced with PTFE tape. Currently it is mostly used for manufacture of glass, especially lead glass. It finds limited use in some amateur pyrotechnics as a relatively potent oxidizer. Red lead was also used for engineer’s scra­ping, before being supplanted by Engineer’s blue. It is also used for pottery glaze and Enamel. In the electric industry is used to make piezofiles. In the Chemical industry is used as a weak oxidizer.

Health & safety

R-phrases: R61 May cause harm to the unborn child. R20/22 Also harmful by inhalation and if swallowed. R 8 Contact with combustible material may cause fire. R33 Danger of cumulative effects. R50/53 Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. R62 Possible risk of impaired fertility.

S-phrases: S53 Avoid exposure – obtain special instructions before use. S45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible). S60 This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste. S61 Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/ Safety data sheets.

For full details see MSDS for Lead Tetroxide

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Acetonitrile

What is Acetonitrile

Acetonitrile is a clear, colourless liquid with a sweet, ether like odour which has the chemical formula CH3CN. It is a by-product of acrylonitrile manufacture and it may also be formed by the combustion of wood and vegetation. Tobacco smoke contains acetonitrile and burning polyurethane foam releases acetonitrile and hydrogen cyanide. Acetonitrile is a volatile, highly polar solvent used to extract fatty acids and animal and vegetable oils. It is used in the petrochemical industry in extractive distillation based on its selective miscibility with organic compounds. It is used as a solvent for spinning synthetic fibres and in casting and moulding plastics. In laboratories, it is widely used in high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis and as a solvent for DNA synthesis and peptide sequencing.

PROPERTIES OF ACTONITRILE

• IUPAC Name: Acetonitrile;
• Other Names: methyl cyanide; cyanomethane; ethyl nitrile; ethanenitrile; methanecarbonitrile
• Formula: C2H3N
• CAS No: 75–05–8
• EINECS: 200–835–2
• Mol Wt: 41.05
• Purity: 99+%
• Appearance: colourless liquid
• Melting Point: –45^oC
• Boiling Point: 82^oC
• Flash Point: 5.6^oC (open cup)
• Flash Point: 12.8^oC (closed cup)
• Density: 0.787 g/cm³
• Viscosity: 0.369 @ 25C
• solubility: miscible with water
• Acidity pKa: 25
• Vapour pressure: 72.8 mm Hg @20C
• Refractive index: 1.344
• Vapour density: 1.41
• Explosive linits in air: lower 4.4% Higher 16%

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Acetonitrile is completely soluble in water and readily miscible with ethanol, ether, acetone, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and ethylene chloride. It is immiscible with many saturated hydrocarbons (petroleum fractions).
Although acetonitrile is one of the most stable nitriles, it undergoes typical nitrile reactions and is used to produce many types of nitrogen-containing compounds. It can be trimerized to S-trimethyltriazine and has been telomerized with ethylene and copolymerized with alpha-epoxides.
Acetonitrile produces hydrogen cyanide when heated to decomposition or when reacted with acids or oxidizing agents.

USES OF ACETONITRILE

Being a volatile highly polar solvent, acetonitrile finds its greatest use as an extracting fluid for fatty acids and animal and vegetable oils.
Acetonitrile has been widely used as an extractive distillation solvent in the petrochemical industry for separating olefin-diolefin mixtures and for C4-hydrocarbons.
Acetonitrile has been used as a solvent for polymer spinning and casting because of the combination of high solubility and desirable intermediate volatility. It is also used as a solvent for isolating components from crude products such as crude wool resin.
Acetonitrile is used as a common laboratory solvent for recrystallizing various chemicals and is widely used as a solvent in HPLC analysis. Acetonitrile is also used in biotechnology research as a solvent in the synthesis of DNA and peptide sequencing.
Acetonitrile can be used to remove tars, phenols and colouring matter from petroleum hydrocarbons that are not soluble in acetonitrile. Acetonitrile is also used as a starting material for the synthesis of many chemicals such as acetophenone, alpha-naphthyl acetic acid, thiamine and acetomidine.
Extraction of fatty acids and animal and vegetable oils. Extraction of unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbons

Solvent for polymer spinning and casting

Moulding of plastics

Removal of tars, phenols and colouring matter from petroleum
hydrocarbons

Purification of wool resin

Recrystallization of steroids

Starting material for synthesis of chemicals

Solvent in DNA synthesis and peptide sequencing

Medium for promoting reactions

Solvent in non-aqueous titrations

Non-aqueous solvent for inorganic salts

High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis

Catalyst and component of transition-metal complex catalysts

Extraction and refining of copper

Stabilizer for chlorinated solvents

Perfume manufacture

Pharmaceutical solvents

Health & Safety:

R-phrases: R11 Highly flammable. R20/21/22 Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. R36 Irritating to eyes.

S-phrases: S16 Keep away from sources of ignition – No smoking. S36/37 Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves.

For full details see MSDS for Acetonitrile in documents section above.

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WHAT IS SODIUM METASILICATE PENTAHYDRATE

Sodium Metasilicate commonly shortened to Metso, is formed by the high temperature fusion of sodium carbonate and silicon dioxide. Sodium Metasilicate forms highly alkaline solutions when dissolved in water. It is commonly used as a component of cleaners such as dishwasher detergent and laundry detergent.

SODIUM METASILICATE PENTAHYDRATE SPECIFICATION

• Other Names: Silicic acid disodium salt pentahydrate, Disodium silicate pentahydrate, Sodium silicate hydrate, Disodium trioxosilicate
• Appearance: Colorless or white crystal
• Odour: Odourless
• Melting Point: 72.2  ^° C
• Specific Gravity: 0.7 ~ 1.0 g/ cm³
• PH: Basic
• Solubility: 610g / l in water (@ 30 ^o C)
• CAS NO: 10213-79-3
• Molecular formula: Na2SiO3 · 5H2O
• Molecular weight: 212.13
• Alkali Content (as Na ₂ O): 28.0% ~ 30.0%
• Content as (SiO ₂ ): 27% ~ 29%
• Degree of Whiteness: 75.0 % Min
• PH Value(1 % at 20): 12.4–12.6
• Fe: 200 ppm max
• Water insolubles: 0.2% max

It is considered to be safer to use than sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) and does not attack metals including aluminium as aggressively as caustic. It moderates the tendency of the alkali to corrode and dissolve metals. Sodium silicate reacts with metal oxides to form a protective film on metal surfaces. This film is maintained as long as small amounts of soluble silica remain in the presence of water.

When used in conjunction with surfactants / detergents sodium metasilicate aids 1. The neutralization of acidic soil 2. The emulsification of oily and greasy soil 3. The deflocculation of particulate soil 4. The suspension of removed soil and prevention of it’s redeposition.

Sodium metasilicate disperses grease and dirt deposits into small suspended particles that rinse away without redepositing on freshly washed surfaces

SODIUM METASILICATE PENTAHYDRATE USES

A major use is as a builder (a material that enhances or maintains the cleaning efficiency of the surfactant, principally by inactivating water hardness) in soaps and detergents. Mainly used in making high efficiency detergents and metal cleaners. As a substitute for STPP, it can increase cleaning efficiency and reduce environment pollution, it provides excellent alkaline buffering, corrosion prevention for metal (i.e. Zinc, Aluminum), and aids in the of softening water. Used to improve washing detergents and metal cleaners.

It is also used extensively as an anti-corrosion agent in boiler-water feed.

Sodium metasilicate is used in fireproofing mixtures; in laundry, dairy, metal, and floor cleaning; in deinking paper; in washing carbonated drink bottles; in insecticides, fungicides, and antimicrobial compounds; as a chemical intermediate for silica gel catalysts; as an ingredient in adhesives; as a bleaching aid; and as a boiler compound. Combined with other salts such as sodium bicarbonate, it can be applied to aluminum as a paint stripper.

The pentahydrate form is considered as safe by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in washing mixtures for fruits and vegetables, in sanitizing solutions for food-contact surfaces, in boiler water, as a denuding agent for tripe, as a hog scald agent for the removal of hair, and as a cooling and retort water agent for the prevention of staining of the outside surfaces of canned goods.

Health & Safety

R38– Irritating to skin. R41– Risk of serious damage to eyes.

See MSDS for sodium metasilicate pentahydrate for full details

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