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What is Sodium Hypophosphite – what is it used for ?

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sodium hypophosphite monohydrate

What is Sodium Hypophosphite monohydrate

Sodium Hypophosphite monohydrate is an odourless colourless crystalline solid that is very soluble in water and alcohol. It readily absorbs moisture from the air. It is the sodium salt of hypophosphorous acid and a strong reducing agent. Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate is mainly used for electroless nickel plating where ot forms a durable nickel-phosphorus film that can be used to coat objects with irregular surfaces.

Properties and specification of Sodium Hypophosphite

  • Synonyms: Sodium Hypophosphite monohydrate; Sodium phosphinate; Hypophosphorous acid sodium salt; Phosphinic acid sodium salt; Phosphinate de sodium;
  • CAS number: 10039–56–2
  • EINECS: 231–669–9
  • Purity: >99%
  • Appearance: white crystalline solid
  • Formula: NaPO2H2 H2O
  • Molecular weight:105.99

    sodium hypophosphite structure

  • pH: 6–8
  • Density: 1.81 g/cm3
  • Solubility in water: soluble 1000g/L @20C
  • Melting point: 90C
  • Boiling point: >200C decomposes
  • Vapour pressure: 30 hPa (20C)

Sodium Hypophosphite is not considered to be a fire hazard but it produces flammable phosphine gas when heated. It is soluble in water, alcohols and glycerine but is insoluble in organic solvents.

Uses for Sodium Hypophosphite

Electroless Nickel
Sodium Hypophosphite is often applied as reductant in non-electrical deposition of nickel. The EN process allows for uniform plating thickness on not only metal objects, but also plastic, ceramics, glass, quartz etc. It builds complexes with the nickel in the bath, improving the fineness of the surface after treatment. In addition, the film posses a good surface hardness and abrasion resistance. The product can be widely used in electronics, aviation, mechanism, and petroleum field.

Other uses

It is also used as interface activator and thermostablizer for polymers and synthetic resins during extrusion.

It is used to prevent the discoloration of polymers.

It is used to manufacture hypophosphorous acid which has same application with Sodium Hypophosphite

It is a chemical intermediate and is used as a raw material in the production of other products including synthetic organics.

It is used as a reducing agent or antioxidant in chemical processing.

Sodium Hypophosphite may be used as a partial fire-retardant.

Used in Ion Exchange Resin regeneration.

It is used as antioxidant in pharmaceuticals.

As a Water treatment agent.

As a meat preservative.

Health & Safety

Not a hazardous substance or mixture according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008.
This substance is not classified as dangerous according to Directive 67/548/EEC.

S24/25 Avoid contact with eyes and skin

For full details see MSDS for Sodium Hypophosphite

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Where to Buy Sodium Hypophosphite online

What is Magnesium Chloride Technical Grade and what is it used for ?

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magnesium chloride hexahydrate

magnesium chloride hexahydrate

What is Magnesium chloride hexahydrate

Magnesium chloride hexahydrate is a naturally occurring salt with the formula MgCl2 6(H2O). It is mostly produced from sea water and in particular the Dead Sea. It is a colourless to white, odourless salt with a bitter taste. It has been used for centuries as an aid to improving health and well being. Its therapeutic properties are well recognised and people flock to the Dead Sea every year to bathe in its water to rejuvenate themselves. The main uses for magnesium chloride are in the paper, textiles, cement and refrigeration industries. It also finds major applications as a de-icer and a water treatment in aquariums.

Properties of magnesium chloride hexahydrate

  • CAS No.: 7791–18–6
  • EINECS: 232–094–6
  • Magnesium chloride hexahydrate: 99% minimum
  • Magnesium chloride: 47% minimum
  • Calcium chloride: 2.2% maximum
  • Sodium chloride: 0.5% maximum
  • Potassium chloride: 0.2% maximum
  • Formula: MgCl2 6H2O
  • Purity: 99%
  • Mol weight: 203.3
  • Density: 1.569
  • Melting point: 117C
  • Water solubility: 2350 g/L (20 C)
  • Appearance:: White flakes
  • pH: 8.4 270g/l at 20C)
  • High quality magnesium chloride from the Dead Sea
  • Free from phosphate, bromides and ammonia
  • Dissolves quickly to provide clear solution

Where to Buy Magnesium chloride online

USES OF MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE:

  • Additive for marine aquariums (see below for details)
  • For batheing
  • Used as a deicer and prevents the formation of ice on surfaces
  • Used in the manufacture of textiles, fire proofing agents, cements and refrigeration bri­ne.
  • Used to make sorrel cement.
  • Used for dust control.
  • For the manufacture of magnesium metal and other magnesium compounds.

Magnesium Chloride for health benefits

For many years Magnesium chloride has been used for batheing and ingesting to improve health and well being. For an insight into the many health benefits of the “Miracle mineral” click here

PLEASE NOTE that although our magnesium chloride is a natural salt produced from the waters of the Dead Sea it has not been purified to be taken orally or ingested and as such we do not promote it for this purpose.

MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE IN MARINE AQUARIUMS:

Magnesium chloride hexahydrate is for adding magnesium to sea water. Severely low values of magnesium (900 mg/L or below) can cause low pH values and an inability to maintain proper alkalinity and calcium values. If magnesium becomes too low, coral growth will stop and followed by a decline in coral health. Carbonates and calcium are essential for all growth of corals, coralline algae, clams and invertebrates. Maintaining the correct magnesium values is very important and is indirectly responsible for coral and coralline algae growth by making it possible to maintain correct calcium, alkalinity and pH values. The magnesium content must often be increased, as shortfalls in the content can arise for various reasons. The normal magnesium content is around 1.30 – 1.40 mg/litre (1300–1400 ppm). To increase the magnesium content you need magnesium chloride hexahydrate or a mixture of magnesium chloride and magnesium sulphate (ratio of 7:1).

Visit our Reef Range & Aquarium Information site

How to dose aquarium with magnesium chloride

50g will raise Magnesium levels by approximately 60ppm in 100 litres of salt water. It is not recommended to increase Magnesium levels by more than 60ppm per day. Simply mix the required amount into a few litres of Reverse Osmosis Water, once dissolved, slowly add to your tank in an area of high flow, preferably over a period of an hour. Alternatively add to your evaporation top up water and top up as normal.

Click here to use our calculator

Magnesium Chloride as a de-icer

Magnesium chloride is considered by some to the best overall ice melting compound. It is safe to use around plant life and it is less corrosive than other ice melting compounds. Magnesium chloride is a hygroscopic compound meaning it absorbs moisture. This allows the magnesium chloride to dissolve into a brine solution very quickly hence melting ice and snow very quickly. Relatively harmless to plant life, magnesium chloride is an environmentally friendly alternative for melting ice and snow. Magnesium chloride can effectively melt ice and snow in temperatures as low as –30 degrees Celsius.

Magnesium chloride is safe to use around animals and it will not affect the paws of cats or dogs etc. It does not produce any residues that can damage carpets etc.

The product is simply applied by sprinkling the powder over the ice. When used as a solution magnesium chloride has the added advantage of preventing ice forming on surfaces when applied before freezing. This solution is made up by dissolving 30g per litre of water. It can be sprayed at a rate of approx 5 sq m per litre.

Health & safety

Not a hazardous substance or mixture according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008.

See MSDS for magnesium chloride hexahydrate for full details

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Where to Buy Magnesium chloride online

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Where Buy Magnesium Sulphate / sulfate online

 

What is Sodium Gluconate and what is it used for?

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sodium gluconate FCC

What is Sodium gluconate :

Sodium gluconate is the sodium salt of gluconic acid and is produced by fermentation of glucose. It is a white granular, crystalline solid which is very soluble in water. It is non corrosive, non toxic, biodegradable and renewable. It is resistant to oxidation and reduction even at high temperatures. The main property of sodium gluconate is its excellent chelating power, especially in alkaline and concentrated alkaline solutions. It forms stable chelates with calcium, iron, copper, aluminium and other heavy metals. It is a superior chelating agent than EDTA, NTA and phosphonates.

Properties & specification of sodium gluconate:

  • Systematic name: sodium (2R,3S,4R,5R’)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhe­xanoate
  • Other names: D-Gluconic Acid, Monosodium Salt; E576; Natriumgluconat; D-Gluconsaure; Natriumsalz; Natrium D-Gluconat;
  • Purity: 99+%
  • CAS No: 527–07–1
  • EINECS: 208–407–7
  • Molar mass: 218.14 g/mol
  • Chemical formula: NaC6H11O7
  • Appearance: white crystalline solid
  • Heavy metals: 0.002% max
  • Lead: 0.001% max
  • Reducing substances: 0.5%
  • Chloride: 0.07% max
  • Sulphate: 0.05% max
  • Arsenic: 3ppm max
  • pH: 6.5–7.3
  • Solubility: soluble in water 590 g/l @ 25C
  • Melting point: soluble in water 590 g/l @ 25C

Sodium gluconate is soluble in cold water and hot water. It is only partially soluble in methanol and ethanol.

Where to Buy Sodium Gluconate online

Uses for Sodium Gluconate:

  • In the field of medicine, it can maintain the balance of acid and alkali in the human body, and recover the normal operation of nerves.
  • It can be used in the prevention and cure of the syndrome for low sodium.
  • It can be used as a water quality stabilizer because it has excellent inhibiting capacity to scale.
  • Used as surface cleaning agent for metals
  • Used as cleaning agent of glass bottles
  • It also can be used as water reducing agent and retarder in the building industry. Sodium gluconate is also an efficient set retarder and a good plasticiser & water reducer for concrete, cement, mortar and gypsum.

Sodium gluconate in the Food Industry (food grade only)

Sodium gluconate acts as a stabilizer, a sequestrant and a thickener when used as a food additive (E576). It is approved by CODEX for use in dairy products, processed fruit, vegetables, herbs and spices, cereals, processed meats, preserved fish etc etc.

Sodium gluconate in Pharmaceutical industry (pharmaceutical grade only)

In the medical field,it can keep the balance of acid and alkali in the human body,and recover the normal operation of nerve. It can be used in the prevention and cure of syndrome for low sodium.

Sodium gluconate in cosmetics & Personal Care products

Sodium gluconate is used as a chelating agent to form complexes with metal ions which can influence the stability and appearance of cosmetic products. Gluconates are added to cleansers and shampoos to increase the lather by sequestering hard water ions. Gluconates are also used in oral and dental care products such as toothpaste where it is used to sequester calcium and helps to prevent gingivitis.

Sodium gluconate in the cleaning industry

Sodium gluconate is commonly found in many household and industrial cleaners. This is because on its multi functionality. It acts as a chelating agent, a sequestering agent, a builder and a redeposition agent. In alkaline cleaners like dishwasher detergents and degreasers it prevents hard water ions (magnesium and calcium) interfering with the alkalies and allows the cleaner to perform to its maximum ability.
Sodium gluconate helps as a soil remover for laundry detergents as it breaks the calcium bond holding the dirt to the fabric and further prevents the soil redepositing onto the fabric again.
Sodium gluconate helps to protect metals like stainless steel when strong caustic based cleaners are used. It helps to break down scale, milkstone and beerstone. As a result it finds application in many acid based cleaners especially those formulated for use in the food industry.

Industrial Applications of sodium gluconate

Sodium gluconate is used in electroplating and metal finishing because of its strong affinity for metal ions. Acting as a sequestrant it stabilises the solution preventing impurities from triggering undesirable reactions in the bath. The chelation properties of gluconate assist in the deterioration of the anode thus increasing plating bath efficiency. Gluconate can be used in copper, zinc and cadmium plating baths for brightening and increasing luster.

Sodium gluconate is used in agrochemicals and in particular fertilisers. It helps plants and crops to absorb necessary minerals from the soil.

It is used in the paper and pulp industries where it chelates out metallic ions which cause problems in the peroxide and hydrosulphite bleaching processes.

Sodium gluconate in Construction Industry

Sodium gluconate is used as a concrete admix. It offers several benefits including improved workability, retarding setting times, reducing water, improved freeze-thawing resistance, reduced bleeding, cracking and dry shrinkage. When added at a level of 0.3% sodium gluconate can retard setting time of cement to over 16 hours depending on ratio of water and cement, temperature etc. As it acts as a corrosion inhibitor it helps to protect iron bars used in concrete from corrosion.

Sodium gluconate as a corrosion inhibitor

When sodium gluconate is present in water above 200ppm it protects steel and copper from corrosion. Water pipes and tanks composed of these metals are prone to corrosion and pitting caused by dissolved oxygen in the circulation water. This leads to cavitation and degradation of the equipment. The sodium gluconate reacts with the metal producing a protective film of the gluconate salt of the metal eliminating the possibility of the dissolved oxygen to come into direct contact with the metal.

In addition sodium gluconate is added to deicing compounds like salt and calcium chloride which are corrosive. This helps protect metal surfaces from being attacked by the salts but not deterring from the salt’s ability to dissolve ice and snow.

Other industrial applications of importance include bottle washing, photo chemicals, textile auxiliaries, plastics and polymers, inks, paints and dyes and Water treatment.

Health & safety

This product is not classified according to the EU regulations.

Safety phrase: S24/25– Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

For full details see MSDS for sodium gluconate

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Where to Buy Sodium Gluconate online

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Where to Buy EDTA Disodium salt online UK

Where to Buy EDTA tetra sodium salt online UK

What is Sodium Hydrogen Sulphate and what is it used for?

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sodium bisulphate

sodium hydrogen sulphate

WHAT IS SODIUM HYDROGEN SULPHATE

Sodium hydrogen sulphate also known as dry acid occurs as an odourless, hygroscopic white powder that is soluble in water. Its solutions are strongly acidic and corrosive. It is manufactured by reacting sodium hydroxide with sulphuric acid. Sodium bisulphate acts as a technological additive, a preservative, a disinfectant, an acidity regulator, a cleaner and a flavour enhancer. It is used in agriculture, metal, oil, food, cleaning and textile industries. Sodium bisulfate is frequently used as a replacement for Sulphuric Acid in many applications as sulphuric Acid is highly dangerous to transport.

Properties and specification of sodium hydrogen sulphate :

  • Synonyms: Sodium hydrogen sulfate; sodium hydrogen sulphate; sodium bisulphate; sodium bisulfate; Sodium acid sulfate; Bisulfate of soda; Sodium acid sulphate; dry acid; pH Decreaser; pH down; pH minus.
  • CAS No: 7681–38–1
  • EINECS: 231–665–7120.06 g/mol
  • Molecular weight: 120.06 g/mol
  • Purity: 92% min
  • Formula: NaHSO4
  • Appearance: In the form of sperules white or slightly yellow.
  • Chloride content: 0.1% max
  • Iron (Fe): 0.015% max
  • Insoluble content: 0.01% max.
  • Solubility in Water: 1080g/l @ 25 C
  • Density: 2.742 g/cm3
  • Melting point: 315 C decomposes
  • pH: 1.2 – 1.3 @ 1.2% w/w solution

Sodium hydrogen sulphate is decomposed by alcohols producing sodium sulphate and sulphuric acid.

Buy Sodium bisulfate / sodium hydrogen sulphate

Uses for sodium hydrogen sulphate :

  • Household cleaners, toilet cleaners etc
  • Acid cleaner for industry, breweries, dairies etc
  • Silver pickling See below for more details
  • To reduce alkalinity and pH in swimming pools. Commercially it is sold as “pH Decreaser”,  pH Reducer”, “pH Minus” or “pH Down”. See below for more details on how to use
  • As a preservative for soil and water samples in analytical laboratory analysis
  • Used for the dhydration of castor oil.
  • An auxillary agent for the bleaching and dyeing of wool.
  • A polishing and grinding agent for glass.
  • A pickling salt for the plumping and bleaching of skins in the leather industry.
  • As a flux for metal pickling. See below for more details
  • In the mineral oil industry for the extraction of nitrogen compounds from hydrocarbons (gas scrubbing).
  • As a silage additive.
  • Food grade sodium bisulphate is used as a food preservative.
  • When mixed with potassium dichromate it is used as a bleach in photography.
  • It has been used to reduce ammonia from manure in animal and poultry housing to reduce the number of flies. For more information click here

How to use sodium  hydrogen sulphate / Dry acid in pools & spas

Sodium hydrogen sulphate is used to lower the pH and to maintain total alkalinity TA in swimming pools and spas. It is safer and easier to use than hydrochloric acid (muriatic). It is easier to store but it also must be handled with care. The ideal pH of pool water should be 7.0–7.6 and total alkalinity should be maintained between 80 and 120ppm.

Pre-dissove the dry acid first by adding the dry acid into a large plastic bucket of water and then pouring the acid solution into the deep end of the pool, away from the skimmer and the fixtures. The Acid should be added when the pump is on and running. Retest the pH of the water in 4 hours and add more acid if needed. To calculate the amount of dry acid required to reduce the total alkalinity Click here

Helpful Tips: Do not add more than 150g of dry acid per 10,000 litres of pool water at any one time. Never add dry acid more than 3 times per day. Do not adjust the pH without first testing the Total Alkalinity. Dry acid may be used in a spa or hot tub.

Using Sodium Bisulphate as silver / metal pickle

The purpose of the sodium bisulphate solution is to remove ‘borax glass’ or fire scale left on metal during the heating process. The pickle solution can be made a 30% solution i.e. 300g per litre of water. Leave in the pickle until the surface appears white and free of fire scale. Note: Pickle should be kept warm, but not boiling. The warmer the solution the paster the process takes place. The optimum temperature is 57C to 95C. Sodium bisulphate is Acidic and it is an electrolyte. Never put iron into pickle. This will impart a copper tone to sterling silver.

Health & safety

R-phrases: R41 Risk of serious damage to eyes.

S-phrases: S24 Avoid contact with skin. S26 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.

For full details see MSDS for sodium  hydrogen sulphate

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Buy Sodium bisulfate / sodium hydrogen sulphate

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What is Hydrated Magnesium Silicate powder and what is it used for?

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Hydrated Magnesium Silicate

What is Hydrated Magnesium Silicate powder?

Refined Hydrated magnesium silicate, also known commonly as Talc is an off-white powder. It is a common metamorphic mineral found naturally throughout the world. Talc is the softest mineral on the planet and is a tri-octahedral layered mineral with a similar structure to pyrophyllite but with magnesium in the octahedral sites of the composite layers. It is relatively inert and is virtually insoluble in water, weak acids and weak bases. Although it has very little chemical reactivity, talc does have an affinity for certain organic chemicals. Above 900C, talc loses its hydroxyl groups and above 1050C, it converts into anhydrous magnesium silicate. Above 1300C it melts. Talc is used in many industries such as paper making, plastic, paint and coatings, rubber, food, electric cable, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, ceramics, etc.

Properties and specification of Hydrated Magnesium Silicate

  • Synonyms: Soapstone; steatite; talcum; Talc, magnesium silicate;
  • CAS number: 14807–96–6
  • EINECS: 238–877–9
  • Purity:
  • Appearance: white translucent
  • Formula: Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
  • Molecular weight: 379.26
  • MgO content: 31.80%
  • SiO content: 60.0%
  • Average particle size (d50): 12.0 microns
  • Sieve residue (45 micron mesh): >98% passing
  • Surface area: 4.3m2/g
  • Mohs hardness: 1.0
  • pH: 8.4–9.4
  • Bulk Density (loose): 0.81 g/mol
  • Specific gravity: 2.75 g/cm3
  • Solubility in water: insoluble
  • Melting point: >1300C
  • Refractive index: 1.59
  • Oil Absorption: 37g/100g

Where to Buy Talc / hydrated magnesium silicate online

USES FOR HYDRATED MAGNESIUM SILICATE

Talc has many applications in industry as it offers the following functions: lubricant, filler, electric and heat insulator, anti stick, anti cake, carrier, thickener, adsorbent, strengthener and an extender. Its key charcteristics are its softness, chemical inertness, affinity for organic chemicals and whiteness.

Hydrated Magnesium Silicate in the ceramics industry

A material used in all types of glazes to produce typical magnesium effects i.e. in large quantities, opacity and vellum texture. Having low expansion and contraction it can cure crazing. Talc is also used to introduce magnesium and silica into bodies, particularly those fired at low temperatures, acting as a flux. It is used in the manufacture of floor and wall tiles and sanitaryware, tableware, and technical ceramics

However, it reduces plasticity, and is more suitable for castware, tiles and where whiteness is important. Low expansion makes it an appropriate ingredient of flameproof bodies. It is also employed as a matting agent in earthenware glazes and can be used to produce magnesia mattes at high temperatures.

Hydrated Magnesium Silicate in the Paint industry

In the paint industry talc is used in the production of decorative paints, industrial coatings, inks, pigments, primers, enamels, adhesives and putties. Due to its natural properties talc improves fluidity and coverage properties of paint making it easier to apply and improving cracking resistance, imparts corrosion, acid, thermal, air resistance to them, increase smoothness and stability of paint products.

Hydrated Magnesium Silicate in the food industry

Food grade Talc is an effective anti-caking agent, dispersing agent and die lubricant and therefore helps animal feed and fertilizer plants to function more efficiently. In premixes and agricultural chemicals, it makes an ideal inert carrier. Talc also is used as an anti-stick coating agent in a number of popular foods including chewing gum, boiled sweets, cured meats, and for rice and cereal polishing. In olive oil production, it increases yield and improves the clarity of the oil.

Hydrated Magnesium Silicate in the paper industry

Talc is used in both uncoated and coated rotogravure papers where it improves printability as well as reducing surface friction, giving substantial improvements in productivity at the paper mill and print house. Talc is used in three stages of paper making – as a filler, to control pitch and stickies and in paper coating. During the paper making process, the micro impurities can clog the paper machinery. Talc being hydrophobic absorbs these micro droplets thus controlling their stickiness and avoiding clogging. High brightness of talc leads to reduction in usage of expensive whitening agents and helps in controlling gloss of the coat. Talc gives smoothness, yellow index, porosity, opacity to paper, improves its yellow index and reduces the deterioration of the machinery.

Hydrated Magnesium Silicate in cosmetics and personal care

As it is soft to the touch and inert, cosmetic grade talc has been valued for centuries as a body powder. Today it also plays an important role in many cosmetic products, providing the silkiness in blushes, powder compacts and eye shadows, the transparency of foundations and the sheen of beauty creams. In cosmetics talc is used as a body talc and as a filler in some cosmetic products – toothpaste, soap, detergents, body perfumed talc powders, prickly heat powders and creams, facial creams and related products, anti-perspirant sticks and other cosmetic lotions or creams. Talc imparts stability, texture, water resistance and skin adhesion to cosmetics. In body talc it acts as a perfume carrier due to its chemical inertness lamellar structure. In pharmaceuticals, talc is an ideal excipient, used as a glidant, lubricant and diluent. Soap manufacturers also use talc to enhance skin care performance. Dentrifices are prepared by mixing suitable proportions of polishing agents like talc and kaolin or china clay with gum, glycerin, soap and other chemical ingredients. body perfumed talc powders, prickly heat powders and creams, facial creams and related products, anti-perspirant sticks and other cosmetic lotions or creams.

Hydrated Magnesium Silicate in the plastics industry

Talc is used in the automotive, plastic and electrical appliance industries in the manufacture of bumpers, dashboards, interior trims, computer and TV bodies, white goods, garden furniture etc. It is used in polypropylene, polyamides, cable PVCs and other plastic compounds. Talc is being increasingly used in HDPE, PP, LDPE, PVC, ABS & thermosetting compounds. It is excellent filler due to blending characteristics and thermal and electrical resistant. It provides the smooth feel to plastic surface. Due to its chemical inertness, superior electrical and thermal resistance and other properties talc imparts stiffness, hardness, tensile strength of plastic products, improves quality of their surfaces, gives them electrical, chemical and thermal resistance

Hydrated Magnesium Silicate in the rubber industry

Talc reduces the viscosity of rubber compounds, thereby facilitating the processing of moulded parts. It also improves extrudate qualities, increasing production rates and enhancing UV radiation resistance of exterior parts such as automotive profiles. In sealants and gaskets, they provide good compression resistance, while in pharmaceutical stoppers, they create a barrier against liquids. In cables, talc functions as insulators and in tire manufacture it makes excellent processing aids.

Hydrated Magnesium Silicate in wastewater treatment

Specialty talc can improve the performance of biological wastewater treatment plants. The talc particles ballast the flocs of bacteria and accelerate their sedimentation. The addition of talc results in top quality discharge and zero bacterial loss. It can help to upgrade plants without resorting to costly plant expansions. As opposed to most chemicals used to clean wastewater, such as chlorine or aluminium salts, talc is a natural, environmentally-friendly mineral additive. And because it is inert, it preserves the fertilizing value of sewage sludge.

Health & Safety

Not considered an acute health risk. Avoid excessive dust generation. May cause mechanical eye and skin irritation. Avoid breathing dust. Prolonged inhalation may cause lung injury. Physical form is unlikely to present dust risk under normal conditions of use. Product can become slippery when wet.

For full details see MSDS for Talc / hydrated magnesium silicate

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Where to Buy Talc / hydrated magnesium silicate online

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Where to Buy calcium carbonate GRG online

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What is Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) and what is it used for ?

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What is Isopropyl Alcohol

Isopropyl alcohol, commonly referred to as IPA or Propann-2-ol, is a flammable, clear, colourless liquid with a slightly pleasant alcoholic odour. It possesses physical,chemical and solvency properties similar to those of ethyl alcohol, making it completely miscible with water and soluble in most organic solvents. Isopropyl Alcohol is a highly versatile solvent which has a 1001 uses. Second only to water it is the most commonly used liquid for cleaning and is found in millions of products world wide. It is used in manufacturing acetone, glycerol and isopropyl acetate. A solvent for many oils, alkaloids, gums and resins, it also serves as a deicing agent for liquid fuels. The chemical compound is used in extraction processes, as a dehydrating agent, a preservative, in lotions and as a laboratory reagent.

Properties & Specification

  • Synonyms: isopropyl alcohol; propan-2-ol; 2-propanol; IPA; isopropanol; Rubbing alcohol, dimethylcarbinol; isohol; petrohol;
  • Formula: C3H7OH
  • CAS No: 67–63–0
  • EINECS No: 200–661–7
  • Molar mass: 60.1 g/mol
  • Density: 0.786 g/cm3
  • Solubility: miscible in water    
  • Melting point: –89 C
  • Boiling point: 82.5 oC
  • Flash point: 13 C (closed cup)
  • Autoignition temperature: 399 C
  • Explosion limits: Upper 12% – Lower 2%
  • Acidity (pKa): 16.5
  • Viscosity: 1.96 cP @25C
  • Vapour pressure: 48 hPa at 20C
  • Relative vapour density (air=1): 2
  • Refractive index: 1.3776

Isopropyl alcohol is miscible with water, benzene, chloroform, ethanol, ether and glycerine. It is soluble in acetone but insoluble in salt solutions. Isopropyl alcohol is incompatible with strong oxidizers, acetaldehyde, chlorine, ethylene oxide, acids, and isocyanates.

Where to Buy Isopropyl alcohol online

Uses for Isopropyl alcohol

Isopropyl alcohol is registered as an antimicrobial, bactericide, fungicide, and virucide. It is used for sterilizing and disinfecting surfaces in hospitals, dairy farms, food processing plants, eating establishments, and in household dwellings. Isopropyl alcohol is also registered for use as a topical disinfectant in animal areas in and around the house, in veterinary institutions, farm structures, poultry areas, and in hatcheries and zoo animal premises. It is registered for use in barbershops for cleaning hair cutting and styling instruments and equipment. Isopropyl alcohol is also registered as an adjuvant, used to facilitate pesticide applications in agricultural settings, and as an adjuvant in industrial water washer, cooler, and condenser systems.

  • A Disinfectant for food preparation surfaces, table tops, counters, bars and other hard surfaces.
  • Antiseptic and antibacterial agent.
  • A general cleaner – excellent for cleaning glass & lenses. Can be used to clean virtually any surface. Removes light grease, oils, dirt, food stains etc. Evaporates quickly and leaves surface squeaky clean.
  • A specialist cleaner ? for computer equipment, electronic devices, contact pins, floppy disk drive heads, lenses of LASERS in optical disc drives (DVD,CD), removes thermal paste of CPUs. Cleans printer heads including Thermal Transfer.
  • A sterilizer – For sterilising hands when preparing food or for medical personnel working in surgeries, clinics, First Aid Rooms, Nursing Homes, Hospitals etc.
  • Sterilizing utensils, equipment etc eg acupuncturists needles, hairdressers combs etc.
  • An Anti-Foamer and foam inhibitor.
  • Can be mixed with fragrances to make airfreshners and deodorants.
  • Can be used as a Deodoriser for spraying into shoes to eliminate odours.
  • Used to make Rinse agents for Dishwashers.
  • A solvent for diluting lacquers, PVC adhesives, dyes and printing inks.
  • A graffiti remover for removing inks, markers, lipstick etc.
  • A Deicer for locks and windscreens.
  • Add to Windscreen washer reservoir for a spotless windscreen every time.
  • Antifreeze.
  • A fuel additive for dissolving water or ice in fuel lines.
  • Cosmetics – hand lotions, deodorants, aftershaves.
  • Body Rub – relieves muscle stiffness.
  • As a underarm deodorant.

To treat house plants that have spider mites or white flies- spray with a solution of four parts water to three parts isopropyl alcohol and add a squirt of dishwashing liquid.

To make an effective Hand sanitiser- According to WHO (World Health Organisation) they recommend the following mix to make 1 litre of sanitiser: Isopropyl alcohol (750ml), Hydrogen peroxide 3% (42ml), Glycerine (15ml), distilled water (193ml).
Mix all ingredients together thoroughly until solution is crystal clear. Use in suitable dispenser with a spray head. Spray onto skin ensuring that all the skin has been covered and allow to air dry. Note: the hydrogen peroxide is present only as a preservative

To Make an Emergency Soft Ice Pack: Mix 1 part alcohol with 3 parts of water. fill it into a self sealing plastic bag and keep in freezer. Place over the skin, joint etc to cool.

Using Isopropyl Alcohol to prevent water from freezing:

  • 10% alcohol:90% water will reduce the freezing point of water from 0 deg C to –3 deg C.
  • 20% alcohol:80% water will reduce the freezing point of water from 0 deg C to –7 deg C.
  • 40% alcohol:60% water will reduce the freezing point of water from 0 deg C to –20 deg C

At these sorts of mixes water will not freeze at its normal 0 Deg C.

Health & Safety

R-phrase(s)

R11 Highly flammable. R36 Irritating to eyes. R67 Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness.

S-phrase(s)

S26 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Wear protective gloves/ protective clothing/ eye protection/ face protection. Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.

For full details see MSDS for IPA

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What is Tetrahydrofuran THF and what is it used for?

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Tetrahydofuran

WHAT IS TETRAHYDROFURAN

Tetrahydrofuran commonly known as THF, is a clear, colorless, mobile liquid with a faintly fruity, ether-like odour. It is a volatile and water-miscible liquid with a low viscosity at standard temperature and has the formula C4H8O. It is commercially produced bt the Reppe process where ethyne and formaldehyde are used as the raw materials. Tetrahydrofuran is an industrial solvent used in the plastics, pharmaceutical, and specialty chemicals industries.

  • Other names: THF, 1,4-epoxybutane, butylene oxide, tetramethylene oxide, oxacyclopentane, diethylene oxide, oxolane, furanidine, hydrofuran, agrisynth THF
  • Appearance: colourless liquid with a faintly fruity ether-like odour.
  • CAS No: 109–99–9
  • EC No: 203–726–8
  • Purity: 99.99%
  • Formula: C4H8O

    thf structure

  • Melting point: –108 C
  • Boiling Point: 66 C
  • Flash point: –14 C
  • Specific gravity: 0.88 at 20 C
  • Viscosity: 0.456 at 25 C
  • molecular weight: 72
  • Solubility: miscible with water
  • Peroxides max: 0.0025%
  • Stabilizer (BHT): 0.02–0.035%
  • Vapor density (air = 1): 2.5
  • Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): 8
  • Flammable limits in air: Lower, 2%; upper, 11.8%

Tetrahydofuran is soluble in water; miscible with alcohols, ethers, ketones, esters, and hydrocarbons.

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Uses For Tetrahydrofuran:

  • Joining rigid pipes
  • In compounded cements for leather, plasit sheet film extrusions
  • PVC cements
  • PVC cleaner prior to jointing
  • Film formation for vinyl topcoating, cast vinyl films, coated cellophane etc
  • As a pharmaceutical solvent
  • Solvent for anionic polymerization
  • Gel phase chromatography
  • Manufacture of industrial resins, polyurethane coatings, elastomers and printing inks

THF is used as intermediate in the manufacture of natural gas odourants; in the production of polytetramethy­lether glycols for polyurethanes and polyesters.

THF is used a rection solvent for Pharmaceutical and specialty chemicals; Alkali metals, alkylalkali and arylalkali metal compounds; Alkali metal, aluminum hydrides, and borohydrides; Organics with limited solubility in alcohols, ketones, ethers, and esters Steroids.

THF solvents can be used to join rigid plastic pipe and in compounded cements for leather, plastic sheet film extrusions and for molded plastic parts assemblies. The combined advantages of rapid solvent activity, minimum gelation and lower relative viscosities for resin solutions, makes THF an attractive solvent choice.

Health & safety

Classification: Highly flammable, Irritant

Risk phrases: R11– Highly flammable. R19– May form explosive peroxides. R36/37– Irritating to eyes and respiratory system.

Safety phrases: S16– Keep away from sources of ignition – No smoking. S29– Do not empty into drains. S33– Take precautionary measures against static discharges.

For full details see MSDS for Tetrahydrofuran THF

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What is Normal Hexane and how is it used?

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WHAT IS n-HEXANE

Normal Hexane is a straight chained alkane with the formula C6H14. It is a clear, colourless liquid with an odour of petrol. As a non polar solvent it is largely unreactive and evaporates quickly. It is immiscible with water but miscible with most organic solvents. Hexane is a minor constituent of crude oil and natural gas and is commercially produced from crude oil refining. n-Hexane can also be synthesized from sugar cane wastes using special catalysts. It is used as a solvent to extract edible oils from seed and vegetable crops, as a cleaning agent and as a solvent for glues, paints and inks.

Specification

  • Synonyms: Hexane; hexyl hydride; normal hexane; dipropyl;
  • Formula: C6H14
  • CAS No: 110–54–3
  • EINECS: 203–777–6
  • Molar mass: 86.18 g/mol
  • Appearance: Colourless liquid
  • Melting point: –95 oC
  • Boiling point: 65–70 oC

    Hexane structure

  • Flash point: –26 oC
  • Autoignition temperature: 234 oC
  • Solubility in water: 13 mg/L at 20oC
  • Density: 0.6548 g/mL, liquid
  • Viscosity: 0.294 mPa s
  • Vapour pressure: 17.60 kPa (at 20C)
  • Relative vapour density: 3.
  • Refractive index: 1.375
  • Explosive limits: lower 1.1%; upper 7.4%

It is highly flammable, and its vapors can be explosive. It may be ignited by heat, sparks, and flames. Flammable vapour may spread away from a spill. N-hexane can react vigorously with oxidizing materials such as liquid chlorine, concentrated oxygen, and sodium hypochlorite. It will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. It is insoluble in water and miscible with alcohol, chloroform, and ether. It is incompatible with strong oxidizers.

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USES FOR HEXANE:

  • Manufacture of gluesin including rubber cement.
  • Extraction of cooking oils from seeds.
  • Extraction of protein from soy.
  • Solvent cleaner and degreaser and paint thinners.
  • Used in the preparation of grignard reagents.
  • It has been used in many types of non-mercury thermometers, especially for thermometers used in low temperature ranges.
  • Contained in inks.
  • Used in rotogravure or flexographic technologies
  • Used as a carrier for cedar oil, beeswax, silicone or lanolin dressings.

it is used as a cleaning agents in the textile, furniture, shoemaking, and printing industries, particularly rotogravure printing.

n-hexane is used in chemical laboratories as an extractant for a wide range of hydrocarbons and nonpolar organic compounds and in calibrating instruments for analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOC) or total petroleum hydrocarbons.

It is used in the pharmaceutical industry to help shape pills and tablets, which are then dried to vent off the n-hexane before packaging

Health & safety

Risk phrases: R11 Highly flammable. R38 Irritating to skin. R48/20 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation. R51/53 Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. R62 Possible risk of impaired fertility. R65 Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed. R67 Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness.

For full information see MSDS for Hexane

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What is Potassium Hydroxide and what is it used for ?

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potassium hydroxide

potassium hydroxide flakes

WHAT IS POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) commonly known as caustic potash, is supplied as white flakes. It is deliquescent and rapidly dissolves in water and forms concentrated solutions of potassium hydroxide also known as potassium lye. The reaction with water is violent producing heat (exothermic reaction). Concentrated solutions in water are clear in colour. KOH is a strong alkaline substance that dissociates completely in water to potassium and hydroxyl ions.

Potassium Hydroxide is manufactured by the electrolysis of the salt potassium chloride. Solid potassium hydroxide is obtained from this solution by the evaporation of water.

Potassium hydroxide is used to manufacture soaps, rayon, paper, explosives, dyestuffs, and petroleum products. It is also used in processing cotton fabric, laundering and bleaching, metal cleaning and processing, oxide coating, electroplating, and electrolytic extracting. It is commonly present in commercial drain and oven cleaners.

Properties of Potassium Hydroxide

  • Synonyms: caustic potash; potassium hydroxide flakes; Potassium hydrate; Potassium lye;
  • Appearance: white solid flake
  • CAS No: 1310–58–3
  • EINECS No: 215–181–3
  • Minimum quality: 99%
  • Molecular formula: KOH
  • Molar mass: 56.11 g/mol
  • Density: 0.84g/cm3
  • Solubility in water: 120 g/100ml (20C)
  • Melting point: 360 C
  • Boiling point: 1320 C
  • pH: 11.5
  • Vapour pressure: 1.3 hPa at 20 C

Specification of Potassium Hydroxide

  • KOH: 90–91% minimum
  • Water H2O: 8%
  • KOH.H2O: 99% minimum
  • K2CO3: 0.5% max
  • KCl: 0.015% max
  • Fe: 3 ppm max
  • NaOH: 1% max
  • Ni: 5 ppm max

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Potassium hydroxide readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from air and deliquesces. When dissolved in water or alcohol or when the solution is mixed with an acid the reaction is highly exothermic. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of K2O. When potassium hydroxide is wet, it attacks metals such as aluminium, tin, lead and zinc to produce flammable hydrogen gas.

USES OF POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

Potassium hydroxide to make other potassium compounds

Many potassium salts are prepared by neutralization reactions involving KOH. The potassium salts of carbonate, cyanide, permanganate, phosphate, chloride and various silicates are prepared by treating either the oxides or the acids with KOH. Potassium hydroxide used in the manufacture of biodiesel

Although more expensive than using sodium hydroxide, KOH works well in the manufacture of biodiesel by saponification of the fats in vegetable oil. Glycerine from potassium hydroxide-processed biodiesel is useful as an inexpensive food supplement for livestock, once the toxic methanol is removed. Potassium hydroxide used in the manufacture of soft soaps

The saponification of fats with KOH is used to prepare the corresponding “potassium soaps” which are softer than the more common sodium hydroxide-derived soaps. Because of their softness and greater solubility, potassium soaps require less water to liquefy, and can thus contain more cleaning agent than liquefied sodium soaps.

Potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte

Aqueous potassium hydroxide is employed as the electrolyte in alkaline batteries based on nickel-cadmium and manganese dioxide-zinc. Potassium hydroxide is preferred over sodium hydroxide because its solutions are more conductive. Other applications

Other uses for potassium hydroxide

KOH attracts numerous specialized applications, which virtually all rely on its basic or degradation properties. KOH is widely used in the laboratory for the same purposes.

In chemical synthesis, the selection of KOH vs. NaOH is guided by the solubility for the resulting salt. Its corrosive properties make it useful as an ingredient in cleaning and disinfection of resistant surfaces and materials. The high alkalinity enables cleaners and degreasers to dissolve oils and greases by saponifying them. Likewise it is commonly used in commercial oven cleaners where the dissolving of carbon and baked on grease, sugar etc is required.

It is often the main active ingredient in chemical “cuticle removers.”

KOH is also widely used as a way to remove hair from animal hides, leaving the hides in a solution of KOH and water for a few hours. It is used in resomation to dissolve human remains.

Aggressive bases will damage the cuticle of the hair shaft, and thus is useful for weakening the hair in preparation for shaving. Pre-shave products and shave creams such as Proraso contain Potassium Hydroxide in order to force the cuticle open and act as a hygroscopic agent to attract and force water into the shaft, causing further damage to the hair. In this state, the hair is more easily cut by razor blade.

Health & safety

R-phrase(s): R35 Causes severe burns. R22 Harmful if swallowed.

S-phrase(s): S1/2 Keep locked up and out of reach of children. S26 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S36/37/39 Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible).

See MSDS for Potassium hydroxide for full details

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What is Sodium Silicate / Water Glass and what is it used for ?

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sodium silicate solution

sodium silicate solution

WHAT IS SODIUM SILICATE

Sodium silicate, also known as water glass is a clear, odourless, viscous liquid. This specific silicate has a molar ratio of 3.22 and a total solids content of 36.8%. It is produced by fusing sand (SiO2) with sodium carbonate which produces solid glass (cullet). The glass is then dissolved in water and steam under high pressure which produces the sodium silicate solution also known as water glass. It is widely used in industry as sealants, binders, deflocculants, emulsifiers and buffers.

Specification

  • Synonyms: Sodium trisilicate solution; Water glass; Silicic acid, sodium salt; sodium hydroxy(oxo)si­lanolate; acide silicique, sel de sodium; Kieselsaure, Natriumsalz;
  • Molar Ratio: 3.22 +/-0.5%
  • SiO2: 27.8% +/-0.5%
  • Na2O: 8.5% +/-0.3%
  • Concentration: 36–37%
  • CAS No: 1344–09–8
  • EC No: 215–687–4
  • Formula: Na2Si3O7
  • Viscosity: 70–100cPs (20C)
  • Density: 1.38 g/cm3 (40 Be)
  • pH: approx 11.3
  • Solubility: completely miscible in water

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Uses for sodium silicate

Metal repair

Sodium silicate is used, along with magnesium silicate in muffler repair and fitting paste. When dissolved in water, both sodium silicate, and magnesium silicate form a thick paste that is easy to apply. When the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine heats up to its operating temperature, the heat drives out all of the excess water from the paste. The silicate compounds that are left over have glass-like properties, making a somewhat permanent, brittle repair.

Automotive repair

Sodium silicate can be used to seal leaks at the head gasket. Rather than pull the head, a jar of “liquid glass” is poured into the radiator and allowed to circulate. The Waterglass is injected via the radiator water into the hotspot at the motor. This technique works because at 93 C the sodium silicate loses water molecules to form a very powerful sealant that will not re-melt below 815 C. This approach is often used by disreputable used-car salespersons to disguise a leaking head gasket.

A sodium silicate repair of a leaking head gasket can hold for up to two years and even longer in some cases. The effect will be almost instant, and steam from the radiator water will stop coming out the exhaust within minutes of application. This repair only works with water to cylinder or water to Air applications and where the sodium silicate reaches the “conversion” temperature of 93 C.

Cement uses

Sodium silicate has been widely used as a general purpose cement, but especially for applications involving cementing objects exposed to heat or fire. For example, sodium silicate has been provided in home first-aid kits and used in medical practice as a glue for holding human skin together at surface cuts. It has also been used as a general purpose paper cement.

 

Timber treatment

Sodium silicate is used as a timber treatment to preserve wood from insects and possesses some flame-retardant properties.

Concrete and general masonry treatment

Concrete treated with a sodium silicate solution helps to significantly reduce porosity in most masonry products such as concrete, stucco, plasters. A chemical reaction occurs with the excess Ca(OH)2 in the concrete that permanently binds the silicates with the surface making them far more wearable and water repellent. It is generally advised to apply only after initial cure has taken place (7 days or so depending on conditions).

Refractory use

Water glass is a useful binder of solids, such as vermiculite and perlite. When blended with the aforementioned lightweight aggregates, water glass can be used to make hard, high-temperature insulation boards used for refractories, passive fire protection and high temperature insulations, such as moulded pipe insulation applications. When mixed with finely divided mineral powders, such as vermiculite dust (which is common scrap from the exfoliation process), one can produce high temperature adhesives. The intumescence disappears in the presence of finely divided mineral dust, whereby the waterglass becomes a mere matrix. Waterglass is inexpensive and abundantly available, which makes its use popular in many refractory applications.

Water Treatment

Water glass is used as a water treatment in waste water treatment plants. Waterglass will bind to heavier molecules and drag them out of the water.

Magic Crystals

Water glass was used in the magic crystal garden toys from the 1980′s. When waterglass was combined with a selection of different metals in solution, the waterglass would cause the metals to precipitate. Each metal would precipitate separately causing a different color stalagmite.

Sodium silicate in the paper & pulp industry

In the peroxide bleaching process of the Pulp and Paper industry sodium silicate functions as a transition metal ion chelate, a pH buffer, a stabiliser, a surface active agent and penetrant and as a corrosion control agent

Health & safety

Risk phrases: R34 Causes burns. R37 Irritating to respiratory system.

Safety phrases: S26 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S36/37/39 Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible).

For full details see MSDS for sodium silicate

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